Depending on your musical taste:
Melkweeg, Paradiso for pop/rock/alternative
Bimhuis/muziekgebouw for jazz/contemporary classical music
Concertgebouw for classical music.
Splendor is also a great place, artist run house with great concerts.
Rijksmuseum for great art.
All of Yeks recommendations are great, Vondelpark is nice, albeit a bit touristy, if you wanna chill a bit without the tourist masses, maybe Osterpark and Westerpark.
Also, at Westerpark is a great exhibition:
https://www.fabrique-lumieres.com/
Anne Frank house is very tough but absolutely worth a visit!
Enjoy Amsterdam! It's a great city! Bring sunglasses and a rain jacket though! And watch for bikes, the tie fighters of the Netherlands!